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Disclaimer

climate-zone.com is a free public reference site. The information here is based on the best publicly available climate data — but climate science has limits, and so does every data source. This page explains what to trust the site for, and what not to.

Last updated: 20 May 2026.

Climate normals are not forecasts

The numbers on this site are climate normals — statistical summaries of past weather averaged over a 30-year period (typically 1991–2020). They tell you what an average July in Tokyo or Toronto has historically looked like. They do not predict what the weather will be next Tuesday, next month or next year.

Do not use this site for operational decisions that depend on current weather. For forecasts and severe-weather warnings, consult your national meteorological service. A non-exhaustive list:

• United States — National Weather Service
• United Kingdom — Met Office
• Canada — Environment and Climate Change Canada
• Australia — Bureau of Meteorology
• Japan — Japan Meteorological Agency
• Everywhere else — see the WMO's World Weather Information Service.

"As is" — no warranty of accuracy

Information on climate-zone.com is provided "as is" and "as available", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including (without limitation) warranties of accuracy, completeness, fitness for any particular purpose or non-infringement. We do not represent that every value on every page is correct.

Climate data passes through many hands before it appears on the site — instruments, quality-control routines, gap-filling models, statistical aggregation. Errors can occur at any stage. We make a serious effort to identify and flag uncertain data (see the "Methodology" panel on each city page), but no quality-control process is perfect.

No liability

To the maximum extent permitted by law, climate-zone.com and its operators are not liable for any loss, damage or injury — direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or otherwise — arising from your use of, or reliance on, information on this site. You assume the entire risk of your use of the site.

Data sources

The site combines data from public meteorological agencies and reanalysis products, including:

• NOAA Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN-Daily, GSOM)
• NOAA U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020
• NOAA Global Summary of the Day (GSOD)
• NASA POWER (MERRA-2 reanalysis)
• ECMWF ERA5-Land reanalysis (via Copernicus Climate Change Service)
• Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) daily observations
• Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) climate normals
• Brazil's INMET, Mexico's SMN, Peru's SENAMHI climate normals
• WMO CLINO 1991–2020 reference normals
• GeoNames geographic database

Each city page's "Methodology & sources" panel names the exact station and source for that city. Source-specific attribution requirements are honoured there and on the Methodology page. If you find data that looks wrong, please tell us at [email protected] — we investigate every report.

Modelled (reanalysis) data

Some figures on the site — cloud cover, humidity, wind, sunshine — are not measured at most weather stations and come from reanalysis models (NASA POWER, ERA5-Land). Reanalyses combine observations with a physical model to fill gaps. They are the global standard for these variables but can disagree with on-the-ground measurements by several percent in any given month. We label modelled data clearly so you can weight it accordingly.

No endorsement

References to specific weather agencies, data products or third-party services on this site are for attribution and informational purposes. They do not constitute endorsement by those parties of climate-zone.com, nor by climate-zone.com of those parties.

Reporting an error

If a number on the site looks wrong — a record that contradicts the local newspaper, a normal that disagrees sharply with another source, a missing month — please email [email protected]. Include the page URL and what you think is wrong. We treat these reports seriously.